27 Chinese provinces' panel data from 2009 to 2018 are used study the supply efficiency and its changes of farmland water facilities by using SBM-Malmquist and Tobit model is applied to analyze the factors, with results showing an overall declining trend of supply efficiency, from 0.707 to 0.704, varying with geographical regions, northern, northeastern, eastern, central south, northwestern and southeastern in a decreasing order. The efficiencies reach up to 1 in northern and northeastern at the end of the study period. China's average total factor productivity of farmland water conservancy facilities supply is falling in a fluctuated way, mostly contributed by lagging technical advances. Regional economy and farmland water conservancy facilities investing structures cast a positive influence on the supply efficiencies with regression coefficients of 3.02 and 2.19 respectively. The better economy and the larger investment ratio on farmland water facilities, the higher supply efficiencies.The efficiencies are adversely affected by the proportion of farmers income from salary and rural illiteracy rate. Areas with higher proportion of farmers income from salary and higher illiteracy rate have accordingly low farmland water conservancy facilities supply efficiencies due to farmers' low will in investment. Regression results which have been verified by replacing dependent variables, supplementing missing variables, sub-samples regression and lagging variables regression are of good robustness. This paper presents suggestions on increasing farmland water conservancy facilities investment, boosting water conservancy facilities supply, optimizing rural administrative organizations and encouraging farmers' participation, aiming at improving China's farmland water conservancy facilities supply efficiencies and accelerating agricultural modernization.

From economic, environmental and social benefits, this paper analyzes the components of LID approach benefits in sponge cities. Economy factors include reducing energy consumption, recycling rainfall, and decreasing rainfall pipe operating cost. Environmental factors include purifying air, reducing carbon emission, compensating underground water. Social factors include reducing social investment in eliminating pollution, decreasing flooding cost. This paper uses environmental economics to study the monetization methods of LID approach benefits, and establishes net benefit indexes of LID approaches via full life cycle theory from perspective of cost and benefits. Taking sponge city Zhenjiang as an example, this paper quantitatively studies the comprehensive benefits of LID approaches in Zhenjiang, which receives economic benefits from saving water, saving power, reducing carbon emission, preventing pollution and preventing flooding, up to 6.53 RMB per square meter annually. This paper presents suggestions on improving compensation policy, boosting sponge city technical system, intensifying rainfall resource development, and rationally selecting LID approaches.

To explore the impact mechanism of heterogeneously environmental regulations on green total factor productivity, this paper uses SBM to estimate the green total factor productivities (GTFP) of “economy-resource-environment-society” in each province, and divides environmental regulation tools into four categories, command-controlling, economy-stimulating, harness-inputting and public-participating, and establishes a spatial Durbin model and threshold effect model to include that heterogeneously environmental regulations impose direct, indirect and spatial overflow effects on green total factor productivity if adjusted by energy consumption structure. Economy-stimulating and public-participating environmental regulations impact GTFP locally and neighboring areas through adjusting energy consumption structure. Command-controlling, economy-stimulating and public-participating environmental regulations impact GFTP through a threshold effect. Under adjustment of energy consumption structure, indirect effect of command-controlling and economy-stimulating environmental regulations on GTFP also through a threshold effect. This paper suggests that governments shall consider the interaction of other energy consumption structures in making environmental regulations, and adopt appropriate regulations and intensity to apply in areas with different energy consumption levels.